Is the iqd going to revalue - Bottom Line. Go Deep. The Iraqi dinar has since mid-December plummeted on the parallel market, trading for as low as 1,750 against the US dollar. This is while the exchange rate for the greenback set by the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) has stood at 1,460 dinars—until Feb. 7, when the council of ministers agreed to lower it to 1,300.

 
Introduction. In the world of foreign exchange, the constant fluctuations in currency values can have a significant impact on global economies. Recently, there has been a buzz surrounding the revaluation of the Iraqi Dinar (IQD), with reports suggesting that it is now live at an impressive Revalue IQD is Live at 3.47 to the USD.. Jim handly wiki

Live Exchange Rate Today for USD to IQD. Below you can see the chart for the Iraqi Dinar rate today compared to the Dollar. 1 USD = 1310.4218 IQD. 1 Dollars = 1310.4218 Iraqi Dinar. The USDIQD ...18 hours ago · Welcome to Rv News Today, your go-to source for comprehensive coverage on the Iraqi dinar revaluation, exchange rates, and the dynamic landscape of the Iraqi... No country which is borrowing money is going to have an "imminent revaluation" (the term often used by the scam artists to sell Dinars) anytime soon! Fourth, Kuwait had a stable government before ...The narratives about a significant revaluation of the Iraqi Dinar seem to originate mostly from conspiracy theories or unfounded speculation based on relatively mundane news events connected to Iraq. One of the main justifications used by those who are buying the Iraqi Dinar is that the Iraqi currency was valued significantly higher in the past.There is a wealth of information about the currency rate of IQD to USD. The exchange rates keep changing so be sure and check the central bank of Iraq homepage for iqd to usd. IQD to USD – Breaking News. I have created a breaking news page about the Iraqi dinar and the Global currency Reset. vietnamese dong revaluation newsThe Iraqi dinar continued trading below the official US dollar rate on Monday after Iraq banned several banks from US dollar transactions, further complicating Iraq’s efforts to stabilize its monetary situation and maintain good relations with the United States. Eight local banks were banned from using the central bank’s daily dollar auction.Regardless the reason your credit is less than perfect, consumers with bad credit still have plenty of choices when selecting a credit card. We may be compensated when you click on...Nov 11, 2022 · BAGHDAD — Prominent Iraqi politician and former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki called on the government of Mohammed Shia al-Sudani to increase the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar by 5.5% in the coming days, amid warnings by economists that such a move could spiral the economy into recession. The Iraqi dinar (IQD) has been revalued at 3.47 to the US dollar, according to the latest announcement from the Central Bank of Iraq. This is a significant change from the previous exchange rate of 1,182 IQD to the US dollar, which had been in place since 2003. Is the iraqi dinar ever going to revalue.The Iraqi dinar “investment” opportunity is a scam that has been around for a few years and has recently been regaining much of its former popularity. The opportunity is pitched as a way to profit from a nearly worthless Iraqi dinar that are “sure” to appreciate in the future. The scammers promise that millions of dollars in profits are ...A comprehensive analysis of the supply and demand dynamics of the US dollar in Iraq sheds light on the depreciation of the Iraqi dinar against the dollar. Iraq's oil revenues, constituting 90 ...The Iraqi Dinar is expected to trade at 1479.00 by the end of this quarter, according to Trading Economics global macro models and analysts expectations. Looking forward, we estimate it to trade at 1543.88 in 12 months time.Chats and Rumors Video Vn Dong. Apr 4. Iraqi Dinar Video Update Wednesday Afternoon 4-3-24. US Treasury Confirmed New Rate – 3:54. Chase Bank & Wells Fargo IQD Currency Rate – 3:04. US Bank Approved Iraqi Dinar Revaluation 2024 – 3:04. Iraqi Dinar Currency Going To Change – 3:02. US Treasury Confirmed New Rate – 3:54.This is a huge setback to the expected dinar revaluation. Perhaps diversification of the economy to reduce dependence on oil might stabilize the Iraqi economy as well as its currency. 2. Speculation. Before the first Gulf War, the dinar was much stronger than the dollar. After the initial devaluation, people expected the currency to bounce back.Rudaw is a broadcast and digital news network based in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, publishing in English, Kurdish, Arabic, and Turkish.Baghdad (IraqiNews.com) A member of the Parliamentary Economic and Investment Commission, MP Noura al-Bajari, confirmed on Wednesday that the initiative to revalue and delete zeros from the Iraqi ...The Vietnamese dong, just like any other currency, keeps fluctuating based on different elements which can’t be estimated precisely every time. Although there are certain signals, like strong economic growth, that can be used to assess whether a certain currency will be revalued soon, it’s always wise to be cautious about this type of ...Mizuho’s Vietnamese dong forecast for 2022 indicates that the USD/VND pair could trade in a 23,300-24,200 range during the fourth quarter and end the year at 23,700. The pair could then retreat from the peak above 24,000 to trade at 23,600 by the end of the first quarter of 2023, 23,500 by the end of the second quarter, 23,400 by the end of ...Days after announcing the US dollar ban, Iraq’s PM Al Sudani confirmed that the country is ready to join BRICS if invited to join the bloc. Al Sudani said on Wednesday that Iraq is willing to join BRICS if the founding countries send an invite. “Iraq is ready to join the BRICS group if it receives an invitation from the founding countries ...22nd December 2022 in Iraq Banking & Finance News, Iraq Industry & Trade News. The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) has announced a package of measures to help stabilise the dinar/dollar exchange rate. A translation of the statement from the CBI list the following: Allowing the banks participating in the foreign currency buying and selling window to ...USD to IQD Chart. United States Dollar to Iraqi Dinar. 1 USD = 1,318.179076 IQD May 01, 2024 02:55 UTC. 30 days. 60 days. 90 days. 180 days.New rules on Jan. 13 open the door for tech companies to push into payments. Starting Saturday (Jan. 13), the UK’s nine biggest banks, which service most of the population, will no...Back in 1982, Saddam Hussein – through his almighty powers – set the value of 1 Iraqi dinar equal to $3.22 USD. It is important to note that when this rate was set, the currency was not freely traded on the open market. Thus, the valuation of the Iraqi dinar could never be revalued by the outside world. Fast forward to 1991, post Gulf-War ...Full House Resorts News: This is the News-site for the company Full House Resorts on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksThe Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) has confirmed its commitment to a stable foreign exchange rate for the Iraqi dinar. According to a statement from the bank, " the dollar exchange rate is fixed and there are no intentions to change. It added that the rate chosen at the end of 2020 was " based on in-depth studies of the requirements of the economic ...Updated spot exchange rate of IRAQI DINAR (IQD) against the US dollar index. Find currency & selling price and other forex informationThe Iraqi Central Bank in late 2020 devalued the dinar against the US dollar by 22 percent, dropping it from 1,182 IQD to 1,450 IQD and sparking public outrage. The devaluation came in an effort ...This is a huge setback to the expected dinar revaluation. Perhaps diversification of the economy to reduce dependence on oil might stabilize the Iraqi economy as well as its currency. 2. Speculation. Before the first Gulf War, the dinar was much stronger than the dollar. After the initial devaluation, people expected the currency to bounce back. The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) has confirmed its commitment to a stable foreign exchange rate for the Iraqi dinar. According to a statement from the bank, " the dollar exchange rate is fixed and there are no intentions to change. It added that the rate chosen at the end of 2020 was " based on in-depth studies of the requirements of the economic ... View the latest USD to VND exchange rate, news, historical charts, analyst ratings and financial information from WSJ.Sorry Ralph—Judy Blume Forever is not the same thing as Judy Blume's Forever. Another new month, another raft of promising-sounding original TV series coming to Prime Video, to be ...BAGHDAD (AP) — Iraq’s Central Bank on Saturday announced it will devalue the Iraqi dinar by over 20 percent in response to a severe liquidity crisis brought …Iraqi Dinar | RV BEFORE END OF MONTH | IQD GOING TO REVALUE BEFORE END OF THIS MONTH AT $3.88Hello Friends Welcome to our channel for the latest Iraqi Dinar ...4.7/5, 41.5k ratings. IQD to USD currency chart. XE’s free live currency conversion chart for Iraqi Dinar to US Dollar allows you to pair exchange rate history for up to 10 years.Well, beware of the Iraqi Dinar Guru scam. Let's take a look. The hype about the investment in Iraqi Dinars has been going around for a while and it's still going. Sellers explain that as democracy will come to Iraq, the economy will flourish and the value of the Dinar will grow. Guard.io (100): Surf the web safely.Calculator to convert money in Iraqi Dinar (IQD) to and from United States Dollar (USD) using up to date exchange rates. CoinMill.com - The Currency Converter. Welcome! ... The going rate for a million dinars depending on the denomination is roughly $880 to $1100. The smaller the denomination the higher the cost.Note that less than 25% of Iraqis have bank accounts, and after the devaluation of the dinar against the dollar by about 23%, the exchange value increased by about 25% because most of the goods in the market are imported from abroad and in dollars. Economic expert Aqeel Al-Ansari believes that the last procedure does not take …As of today, at 17:00PM UTC two thousand twenty-one 🇮🇶 iraqi dinars is equal to $1.54 (USD) or 💵 one us dollar 54 cents. For the basic conversion, we use the midpoint between the buy and sell rates of IQD to USD at currency exchanges across the globe. The current exchange rate is equivalent to 0.00076. 2,021 IQD.The Central Bank of Iraq, the country’s independent central bank, was established on March 6, 2004, with a capital of 100 billion dinars. The bank’s entire capital stock was legally mandated to be held by the state. The head office was established in Baghdad and branch offices in Basrah, Mosul, Erbil, and Sulaimaniyah.Here’s what our investigation found: Claim #1: There will be a “revaluation” or “RV” of Iraqi dinar, raising its value against the U.S. dollar and leading to a payoff for the investor ...December 24, 2022. Iraq's Central Bank has a new plan to increase the value of the Iraqi dinar against the US dollar. The bank released a statement this week outlining the plan. The measures are as follows: …Investors of the wold who have bought paper money to enhance the financial and structural status of Iraq, are waiting for the revaluation of Iraqi Dinar while was during Saddam Period. When will happen so?Iraqi Dinar🔥 Internationally Going to Revalue $1 On 1 IQD🔥 Iraqi Dinar... at January 30, 2024. Email This BlogThis! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest. No comments: ... IQD/USD CHARTS » More. Inicio; Search. Jun 29 (11) Jun 30 (10) Jul 01 (6) Jul 02 (11) Jul 03 (7) Jul 04 (11) Jul 05 ...The trees in a yard can be a major asset, but will probably require some upkeep. When you’re on the hunt for the perfect house (or at least one that’s available in your price range...More than half the world’s population sees AP journalism every day. BAGHDAD (AP) — Iraq's Central Bank on Saturday announced it will devalue the Iraqi dinar by over 20 percent in response to a severe liquidity crisis brought on by low oil prices, a measure that has sparked public outrage as the government struggles to cover its expenses.Iraqi dinar exchange rate return back to 3.30$ be revalue .i saw this news on the website and i am very happy and capture some good word image are you people agree with me that iraqi dinar is going to revalue? More information. Iraqi Dinar Guru News - Revaluation Updates and Facts. Welcome to DayStarNet.com!Feb 15, 2023 · The Iraqi Central Bank in late 2020 devalued the dinar against the US dollar by 22 percent, dropping it from 1,182 IQD to 1,450 IQD and sparking public outrage. The devaluation came in an effort ... So, when these IQD are exchanged post IQD revaluation, the IQD could be confiscated and the entity doing the exchange questioned or arrested. This may be another reason taking the IQD off the street in Iraq is being pursued so that there is a di minimis amount of "corrupt IQD" on the streets and the perpetrators have already been charged …Revaluation of the Iraqi Dinar. February 15th, 2023. The Iraqi Government announced on Dec 20, 2020 it was devaluing currency for the first time since the US-led invasion in 2003. The plan was to reduce the dinar’s value by 22%. While the Dinar took a dip in value, this could be a long term indication that the government of Iraq is serious ... The Iraqi dinar ( Arabic pronunciation: [diːˈnɑːr]) ( Arabic: دينار; sign: ID [1] in Latin, د.ع in Arabic; code: IQD) is the currency of Iraq. It is issued by the Central Bank of Iraq and is subdivided into 1,000 fils (فلس), although inflation has rendered the fils obsolete since 1990. [2] On 7 February 2023, the exchange rate ... Crude Oil. 83.57. +0.92% Gold. 2,342.50. +0.18% Euro. 1.07. 0.00% Pound/Dollar. 1.25. –0.03% Markets. Data. Iraqi Dinar Spot. IQD:CUR. (IQD) …Looking for IQD to USD? Know the exchange rate between the dollar and Iraqi Dinar. Currency exchange rates can be quite confusing, and Iqd to USD Exchange Rates are something that everyone who is holding Iraqi dinar wants to know. When is it going to revalue? What ...This could possibly go to the tellers screen after banking hours tonight or in the morning Tues. 19 Dec. It should be totally released by Wed. morning 20 Dec. since Iraq is saying they will release the budget on Wednesday. The RV was scheduled last Fri. 15 Dec. That morning Iraq citizens were told by Sudani that the Dinar rate was going to ...Iraq Dinars (IQD) Forex Price Quotes The Forex Metals Rates page contains cross-rates for different precious metals. The Forex Metals Rates page is updated throughout the trading day with new price information, as indicated by a "flash" on the fields with new data.2 days ago · Live Exchange Rate Today for IQD to USD. Below you can see the chart for the Dollar rate today compared to the Iraqi Dinar. 1 IQD = 0.0008 USD. 1 Iraqi Dinar = 0.0008 Dollars. The IQDUSD rate as ... Revalue Iqd is Live At 3.47 To The Usd: Are you curious about the mysterious world of foreign currency exchange? Wondering if now is the time to dive into the Iraqi Dinar market with news that it has revalued at 3.47 to the USD? Join us as we unravel the secrets behind this intriguing currency […]Right now, the value of the Iraqi Dinar is going to increase, and according to research, the GDP of Iraq is going to rise to 232.12 by 2024, which means that the Iraqi Dinars will rise as well.Get the latest 1 US Dollar to Iraqi Dinar rate for FREE with the original Universal Currency Converter. Set rate alerts for USD to IQD and learn more about US Dollars and Iraqi Dinars from XE - the Currency Authority.Oct 12, 2012 · Yes the dinar get rich quick is a scam for nearly ten years. Those invested in toilet paper from Iraq known as dinar are never going to believe or at least publicly admit they've been duped, bamboozled, scammed, suckered, etc. not one of them understands the true economics of Iraq and their currency no less will they understand why Iraq has not and will not revalue their currency. Issues the Iraqi dinar (IQD), which is the country’s national currency; Oversees Iraq’s payment system, working to establish an efficient system of payments; ... Dinar currency and will continue to do so. A stable economy is necessary before there can be any talk of an Iraqi dinar revalue. 2. The Iraqi government is taking strong measures ...Iraqi dinar exchange rate return back to 3.30$ be revalue .i saw this news on the website and i am very happy and capture some good word image are you people agree with me that iraqi dinar is going to revalue? More information. Iraqi Dinar Guru News - Revaluation Updates and Facts. Welcome to DayStarNet.com!8th April 2024 in Iraq Banking & Finance News. By John Lee. The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) has announced a decrease in the ratio of non-performing loans to total credit. It said the ratio of non-performing loans to total cash credit decreased to 6.3 percent in 2023, compared to 7.2 percent in 2022, 8.8 percent in 2021, and 8.9 percent in 2020.The hemlock woolly adelgid is a tiny, aphid-like insect that is ravaging hemlocks from Maine to Georgia. The woolly adelgid is considered a serious threat to species of eastern hem... When a currency is revaluated correctly, it will increase in value for those who hold the currency. The Kuwaiti Dinar was revalued after the Iraqi invasion and could become a high-valued currency. With the current rates, 1 Kuwait Dinar is worth 3.30 United States Dollars. The Iraqi Dinar Could Revalue. By John Lee. Dozens of people have reportedly protested in front of the offices of the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) in Baghdad following a fall in value of the Iraqi Dinar (IQD) against the US dollar. Over the previous two days, the dollar is said to have risen from 1,470 dinars to 1,570 dinars. Updated spot exchange rate of IRAQI DINAR (IQD) against the US dollar index. Find currency & selling price and other forex informationIQD Iraqi Dinar 0.0006 (2023-12-15) IRR Iranian Rial 0.00001 (2023-10-22) ISK Icelandic Krona 0.0067 (2023-10-20) JMD Jamaican Dollar ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.The IQD has very little legitimate trading volume. The IQD exchange rate is fixed by the Central Bank of Iraq and does not float with the market. Many scammers …Nov 15, 2021 · By John Lee. An Iraqi economist has said that re-valuing the Iraqi Dinar could be considered if certain conditions were met. Dhurgham Mohamed Ali is quoted by Shafaq News as saying: " The exchange rate of the dollar should be gradually reduced to 1,300 dinars [from the current 1,460 dinars] while keeping an eye on the cash transactions to ... Vietnam has pledged not to deliberately weaken its dong currency to gain an export advantage, reaching an agreement with the U.S. Treasury to refrain from "competitive devaluation" and make its ...From. IQD – Iraqi Dinar. To. USD – US Dollar. 1 Iraqi Dinar =. 0.00 075967476 US Dollars. 1 USD = 1,316.35 IQD. We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. This is for informational purposes only.Get ratings and reviews for the top 11 moving companies in Ashburn, VA. Helping you find the best moving companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home All Projects Fe...Here’s what our investigation found: Claim #1: There will be a “revaluation” or “RV” of Iraqi dinar, raising its value against the U.S. dollar and leading to a payoff for the investor ...More than half the world’s population sees AP journalism every day. BAGHDAD (AP) — Iraq's Central Bank on Saturday announced it will devalue the Iraqi dinar by over 20 percent in response to a severe liquidity crisis brought on by low oil prices, a measure that has sparked public outrage as the government struggles to cover its expenses.IQD Iraqi Dinar 0.0006 (2023-12-15) IRR Iranian Rial 0.00001 (2023-10-22) ISK Icelandic Krona 0.0067 (2023-10-20) JMD Jamaican Dollar ...Find the current US Dollar Iraqi Dinar rate and access to our USD IQD converter, charts, historical data, news, and more.Home USD / IQD • Currency. United States Dollar to Iraqi Dinar. Follow. 1,310.3750. May 2, 11:20:00 AM UTC · Disclaimer. 1D. 5D. 1M. 6M. YTD. 1Y. 5Y. MAX. search Compare to. …The IRS allows taxpayers to claim as many allowances on their W-4 as they're eligible for. But claim too many, and you may be facing a hefty bill at tax time. As a taxpayer, you ar...Iraq revalues currency to 1,300 dinars per USD, state news agency says. By Reuters. February 8, 20234:51 AM PSTUpdated a year ago. A man counts Iraqi dinars …Homeowners should be looking for windows that are durable, energy-efficient, and offer superior performance. A quality window contributes to the home's Expert Advice On Improving Y...Iraq devalued its currency by about 20% against the dollar as the cash-strapped government faces an economic crisis brought about by low oil prices and crude-production cuts. The central bank ...It’s a big scam that’s been going on for decades. My dad has been fully bought into it for 15 years. He follows some group religiously that gives “updates” on the Iraqi government and it’s always “the money will revalue next week”… every week for 15 years. I can’t even mention how much money he’s “invested”. The Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) has confirmed its commitment to a stable foreign exchange rate for the Iraqi dinar. According to a statement from the bank, " the dollar exchange rate is fixed and there are no intentions to change. It added that the rate chosen at the end of 2020 was " based on in-depth studies of the requirements of the economic ... New rules on Jan. 13 open the door for tech companies to push into payments. Starting Saturday (Jan. 13), the UK’s nine biggest banks, which service most of the population, will no...BAGHDAD, Sept 14 (Reuters) - Iraq's central bank must address continued risks of the misuse of dollars at Iraqi commercial banks to avoid new punitive measures targeting …Federal Housing Administration rules for home loans protect the lenders' financial interests, which also helps to protect the FHA's own financial interests. A borrower seeking an F...

Feb 7, 2023 · The Iraqi authorities have approved a revaluation of the Iraqi dinar. In a statement said on Tuesday, the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) said that, starting on Wednesday, t he exchange rates will be as follows: 1,320 dinars per dollar: the sale price of the dollar from banks and non-bank financial institutions to the final beneficiary. The dinar ... . Beauty salons brevard nc

is the iqd going to revalue

18 hours ago · Welcome to Rv News Today, your go-to source for comprehensive coverage on the Iraqi dinar revaluation, exchange rates, and the dynamic landscape of the Iraqi... Yes the dinar get rich quick is a scam for nearly ten years. Those invested in toilet paper from Iraq known as dinar are never going to believe or at least publicly admit they've been duped, bamboozled, scammed, suckered, etc. not one of them understands the true economics of Iraq and their currency no less will they understand why Iraq has not and will not revalue their currency.Note that less than 25% of Iraqis have bank accounts, and after the devaluation of the dinar against the dollar by about 23%, the exchange value increased by about 25% because most of the goods in the market are imported from abroad and in dollars. Economic expert Aqeel Al-Ansari believes that the last procedure does not take …Currency Converter is an exchange rate information and news app only and not a currency trading platform. The information shown there does not constitute financial advice. Conversion rates Iraqi Dinar / US Dollar. 1 IQD. 0.00076 USD. 5 IQD. 0.00382 USD.0:54. Iraq’s central bank will restrict all internal commercial transactions to the Iraqi dinar starting next year, the bank said in a statement, citing governor Ali Al-Allaq. The step appears ...Homeowners should be looking for windows that are durable, energy-efficient, and offer superior performance. A quality window contributes to the home's Expert Advice On Improving Y...Forbes Middle East. <p>Iraq's cabinet has approved revaluing its exchange rate against the US dollar to trade at 1,300 dinars, a cabinet statement said Tuesday.</p><p></p>.According to our data, USD to IQD is the most popular Iraqi Dinar exchange rate conversion. FACT 2: The most frequently used banknotes in Iraq are: ع50, د.ع100, د.ع250, د.ع500, د.ع1000, د.ع5000, د.ع10000 FACT 3: The new and convertible Iraqi Dinar was released in 2003. It replaced all old Dinar and Swiss Dinar banknotes, which were ...The IRS allows taxpayers to claim as many allowances on their W-4 as they're eligible for. But claim too many, and you may be facing a hefty bill at tax time. As a taxpayer, you ar...Mar 11, 2021 · Oil is the countries largest export, and as more people are starting to jump back into business and travel, oil is needed. With more money available in the oil industry from foreign markets, the better the Iraqi Dinar does. Arguments Against the Iraqi Dinar Revaluing. Not everyone believes the Iraqi Dinar will revalue. The Iraqi authorities have approved a revaluation of the Iraqi dinar. In a statement said on Tuesday, the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) said that, starting on Wednesday, t he exchange rates will be as follows: 1,320 dinars per dollar: the sale price of the dollar from banks and non-bank financial institutions to the final beneficiary. The dinar ...Yes the dinar get rich quick is a scam for nearly ten years. Those invested in toilet paper from Iraq known as dinar are never going to believe or at least publicly admit they've been duped, bamboozled, scammed, suckered, etc. not one of them understands the true economics of Iraq and their currency no less will they understand why Iraq has not and will not revalue their currency.The Iraqi dinar scam tricks victims into believing Iraqi currency is about to undergo a revaluation, encouraging them to exchange their dollars for dinars. The Iraqi dinar scam is ...Today's USD to IQD forecast for next week suggests the USD to IQD rate might fall to IQD 1,308.75 in the next 7 days, a -0.02% drop compared to the current rate. USD to IQD for Next 10 Days. The USD/IQD forecast for the next 10 days hints that the USD to IQD rate could go up to IQD 1,308.57 in the next 10 days, showing a -0.03% drop.The supporters and the dinar gurus confuse two economic terms; redenomination and Iraqi dinar revaluation. Iraqi dinar revaluation and redenomination When it comes to revaluation, it is an adjustment officially made to the exchange rate of the country’s currency. The rate is often relative to a standard baseline (US dollar or gold). After a ...CAIRO, Feb 7 (Reuters) - Iraq's cabinet approved a currency revaluation on Tuesday and set the exchange rate at 1,300 dinars per U.S. dollar, the state news agency reported..

Popular Topics